Stone Age site reveals 'extraordinary' artworks

Archaeologists in Russia have discovered an "extraordinary" group of Stone Age artworks which appear to have been carefully buried in pits and covered with mammoth bones, researchers announced this week in a paper published in the academic journal, Antiquity.

At least some of the 21,000-22,000-year-old objects appear to have been regarded as magical, the scientists surmise.

The collection includes the only example of engravings of images found to date at the site -- what appear to be three overlapping mammoths only a few centimeters long and carved onto the rib of a mammoth.

"The main lines of the image are clear, not ragged; they were made by confident, unbroken movements," Hizri Amirkhanov and Sergey Lev write.

The carving may have been part of a hunting ritual, Lev told CNN.The objects they describe in their new paper "show an extraordinary repertoire of incised carving on mammoth ivory plaques and carving in the round, including representations of women and large mammals, and geometric decoration on bone utensils," they write.

They also uncovered two female figures, including one 16.6 centimeters tall with a head they call particularly accurate in shape. The figures, which Lev called Venus statuettes, had been carefully placed in pits and surrounded with colored sand, Lev said.

The archeologists uncovered the objects in 2005 at a site called Zaraysk, which was discovered in 1980. The site is about 100 miles southeast of Moscow.

Researchers have been excavating the site since 1995, and have found a necklace made of teeth of the arctic fox and a carving of a bison made from mammoth ivory.

Zaraysk is the northernmost known location for a style of Stone Age artwork called Kostenski-Avdeevo after two other Russian locations where art of that type has been found.

Lev said the Zaraysk site was on a par with Kostenski and Avdeevo "in terms of the splendor and variety of its art."

The site dates from the Upper Paleolithic period, which began about 40,000 years ago and lasted until roughly 10,000 years ago.

Amirkhanov and Lev's article, "New Finds of Art Objects from the Upper Palaeolithic Site of Zaraysk, Russia," is to be published in the December issue of the magazine Antiquities, a York, England-based journal that describes itself as a quarterly review of world archaeology. A version of their article appeared on the journal's website on Monday; the print version is due out soon, reviews editor Madeleine Hummler said.

The researchers are associated with the Institute of Archeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Ten men fathered Europe

An international team of geneticists has found that virtually all European men are descended from 10 genetic forefathers who migrated to Europe from Central Asia and the Middle East.

In the journal Science, the team report that the genetic forefathers apparently came to Europe in three successive waves, tens of thousands of years ago.

The researchers, led by Dr Ornella Semino of Pavia University in Italy, studied the Y chromosomes of more than one thousand men across Europe and the Middle East concluding that ten lineages account for about 95 percent of the 1,007 European Y chromosomes studied.

They identified three types of distinct geography and culture. "The first comprises Basques and Western Europeans, the second Middle Eastern and the third Eastern European populations from Croatia, Ukraine, Hungary and Poland."

Although Basques in Spain, Sardinians in Italy and Saami people in Finland have distinct cultures, their genes look like those of other Europeans, the researchers said.

The oldest male lineage found dates back to the Old Stone Age or Paleolithic period, which ended 15,000 years ago. It's genetic variation or mutation is called M173 and is found in half the men in the study.

After examining the distribution of the genetic variation and mapping its subtypes, the researchers suggest that "M173 is an ancient Eurasiatic marker that was brought in, or arose in the group of Homo sapiens (modern humans) who entered Europe and diffused from east to west about 40,000 to 35,000 years ago, spreading the Aurignac culture."

"This culture appeared almost simultaneously in Siberia, from which some groups eventually migrated to the Americas."

Some of the genetic variations tie in with theories that groups became isolated during the last Ice Age, which ended 13,000 years ago, the researchers said.

Another marker, called M170, dates to about 22,000 years ago and is associated with the Gravettian culture. This group was known for its Venus figurines, shell jewelery and for using mammoth bones to build homes.

The third group - about 20 percent of the men - seem to date from more recent times, having come into Europe between 15,000 and 20,000 years ago.

These men were probably the first Neolithic farmers who migrated from the Fertile Crescent in the Middle East and, as might be expected, their genes are found most frequently along the Mediterranean.

TIME AND SPACE THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONTEXT

The Aurignacian culture occupied a vast geographic range, with concentrations in the High-Danube region of Germany, in Austria, in the Moravian region of Slovakia, and in the Santander region of Spain. In France, Aurignacian peoples occupied small valleys in the Dordogne region (around Les Eyzies-de-Tayac), and in the piedmonts of the Pyrenean mountains. Other than the cave of Chauvet-Pont-d'Arc, the presence of the Aurignacian culture is very discrete in the Ardèche region. In the gorges of the Ardèche River, a few Aurignacian flint artifacts have been found in the cave of Figuier (Saint-Martin-d'Ardèche) and the small rock-shelter of Les Pêcheurs (Casteljau). In the neighboring department of the Gard, Aurignacian artifacts have been found at the cave of Ouilins, and especially at the site of Esquicho-Crapaou (Sainte-Anastasie), which has been dated to 34,000 to 32,000 BP.

The Aurignacian is distinguished from preceding cultures by several innovations in flint knapping techniques, a diversification of tool types, and significant innovations in other domains. Flint tools are now made on blades rather than flakes. The tool types are more standardized and include end-scrapers for preparing animal skins, and burins for working wood and engraving. Projectile points for hunting were made from antler, bone and ivory. Aurignacian hunters did not use spearthrowers (atatls) or the bow and arrow. No eyed needles have been found, so their clothes may have been less finely made than in more recent periods.
Among the significant innovations of the Aurignacians is the development of body ornamentation, including pierced shells and teeth, carved bone pendants, bracelets, and ivory beads.
Meanwhile, the sudden explosion of monumental art, brilliantly demonstrated by the Chauvet-Pont-d'Arc cave, is certainly among the most significant inventions of this culture.

Mito-Haplogroup Helena

Clan Helena

Mitochondrial haplogroup H is a predominantly European haplogroup that participated in a population expansion beginning approximately 20,000 years ago. Overall more than 40% of the total European population carries this mitochondrial variation. It is rather uniformly distributed throughout Europe suggesting a major role in the peopling of Europe, and descendant lineages of the original haplogroup H appear in the Near East as a result of migration. It can also be found in the Caucasus and Central Asian regions, though frequencies are considerably lower than that of Europe. More than twenty subclades of haplogroup H have been identified with several showing regional distributions.

IN SEARCH FOR THE GRAVE OF NICOLAUS COPERNICUS

NICOLAUS COPERNICUS

IIn spring 2004, at the meeting of the Scientific Council of the Frombork-based Baltic Research Centre operating within the Aleksander Gieysztor Pultusk School of Humanities, bishop Doctor Jacek Jezierski, provost of the Frombork metropolitan church, asked me (i.e. J. Gassowski) whether I would be interested in carrying out archaeological research aimed at locating the grave of Nichoalus Copernicus. At first I refused saying that the task resembled that of looking for a needle in a haystack. What is known is that the famous astronomer, a canon of the local church, was buried in the church when he died at the age of 70. Records from chapter meetings do not contain the exact date of his death or the place of his burial. No durable epitaph was placed on his grave, either. On the day of Copernicus’ death his work was being printed, so it did not bring him international renown at the time, and the astronomer himself did not give any instructions concerning the possible tombstone nor did he leave any means to finance the funeral.
Moreover, it should be remembered that numerous clerics had been buried under the floor of the cathedral throughout several centuries until 1720 which was when a burial crypt for canons was constructed under the chancel to avoid the dismantling and laying of the marble floor anew during each subsequent funeral.

Bishop Jezierski, on the other hand, was of the opinion that the undertaking would not be looking for a needle in a haystack, as there emerged a new theory according to which the astronomer’s grave could be located with greater detail. The theory was formulated by Doctor Jerzy Sikorski, an Olsztyn-based historian and eminent researcher on the life and work of Nichoalus Copernicus. According to Doctor Sikorski, canons of the Frombork cathedral were buried close to that altar which they took care of during their lifetime. The altar was the one which used to be dedicated to Saint Andrew, currently dedicated to the Holy Cross, the fourth altar on the right-hand side.
We resolved to verify the theory by means of archaeological research. The Institute of Anthropology and Archaeology of the Aleksander Gieysztor Pultusk School of Humanities decided to carry out this task. In the first season of research we worked in co-operation with the National Centre for Historical Monument Studies and Documentation. In 2004, research works were carried out in the period from 16 August till 31 August on the area of 10 square meters.

In our research activities we used the latest prospection and documentation methods. The entire cathedral floor area was “screened” using the georadar profiling technique by a team of specialists from the Geophysical Research Company in Warsaw, composed of Tadeusz Stępniak, M.Sc, Eng., and Grzegorz Pacanowski, M.Sc., Eng., and led by Mirosław Musiatewicz, M.Sc., Eng. This showed the outlines of all the excavations ever made under the cathedral floor. Further to that, three-dimensional scanning of the cathedral interior using a laser scanner was performed within an accuracy of 2 mm. The same scanner, operated by Karol Czajkowski, M.A., from the National Centre for Historical Monument Studies and Documentation, was later used in making three-dimensional documentation of the archaeological excavation site during works carried out in 2004. Anthropological studies were performed by Professor Karol Piasecki representing the University of Szczecin and Warsaw University.
The assumption of our research was to analyse the grave which – in the course of archaeological research – was found to be the one of a 70-year-old man (the approximate age of the deceased may be assessed by an anthropologist) in such a way as to reconstruct the face of the deceased in a specialized laboratory using the preserved skull bones. The reconstructed image would then be compared with realistic portraits of Nichoalus Copernicus painted by his contemporaries. The conformity of the image to the old portraits could serve as a confirmation of the fact that the grave of the great astronomer would have been located.

In the times of Copernicus, few people lived to be that old, although old age was more frequent among clergymen who usually came from a wealthier background and lived a stable life. Further complications were connected with the fact that all the preserved portraits of Nichoalus Copernicus were painted when he was 30-40 years old and the skull used in the reconstruction would date from his old age.

The primary aim of the research was to identify the possibilities of conducting research activities inside the cathedral, to locate the graves using a georadar and to see what was under the floor in order to make preliminary archaeological discoveries. The first findings provoked certain anxiety. A skull and fragments of the skeleton of an approximately 10-year old child was discovered on the southern side of the pillar foundation. The skeleton appeared to be damaged by the grave of canon Andrzej Gąsiorowski, who died in 1767, and another grave of a tall man who was 40-50 years old at the time of his deat.
To identify the grave of canon Gąsiorowski turned out to be an easy task, as a baroque, lead and silver-plated plate with an informative inscription, was well preserved. The plate was probably placed on the coffin which did not survive till our times. As far as the third grave is concerned, Jerzy Sikorski has formulated the following theory: the deceased is probably canon Michał Kołacki who died on 28 August 1608 at the age of 48 (Sikorski, J – Kanonikat – ołtarz – grób. Obsada kanonikatów oraz kwestia pochówków w katedrze fromborskiej w XV – XVIII w [Canonry – altar – grave. The staffing of canonries and the issue of burial places in the Frombork cathedral in 15^th-18^th centuries] – in printing).

The grave of canon Kołacki seemed to be the only one in its right place: it dated from times when canons were buried under the cathedral floor and it was yet another grave which was expected to be placed in the vicinity of the altar which the canon took care of during his lifetime. The grave of canon Gąsiorowski, on the other hand, appears to contradict all the rules – the canon did not recite the liturgy at the altar dedicated to the Holy Cross but at Saint Anne’s altar (which until 1639 was known as Saint Paul’s altar), moreover, he was expected to be buried in the crypt under the chancel. Had the previously mentioned plate not been found at his body, his skull would have been subjected to specialist analyses as it is known that he died at the age of 70. The child’s grave, however, was found to be the most mysterious of all. It could date from the times when a smaller wooden church stood in the area of today’s gothic cathedral and it is possible that originally it was located outside of the temple.

In the following season, the research was conducted by Beata Jurkiewicz, M.A. assisted by Błażej Muzolf, M.A., surveyed by Prof. Jerzy Gąssowski, Ph.D., and it revealed further intriguing exceptions to the rule. A total of thirteen graves were discovered, of which three were not examined for reasons discussed below. On a relatively small area a big number of graves was discovered, some of which damaged the earlier graves. One of these later graves, dating probably from the 18^th century (similarly to the grave of canon Gąsiorowski), was grave no. 1/05, revealed at the depth of only 32 centimetres under the floor and fully preserved. The wide and relatively well preserved coffin, lined with a fabric, was equipped with iron fitting. Inside the coffin lay a skeleton of a young woman aged approximately 18-20. The head of the deceased lay on the remains of a silk pillow filled with shredded straw. On her light short hair there were remains of a bonnet fitted (or pinned) with small pins. Fragments of garment fabric, difficult to identify, were found at the skeleton. At the deceased we also found a small scapular and a medallion which will be documented following the necessary conservation procedures.
Grave no. 2/05 belonged to a man aged around 40-50. A closer estimation of the age of the deceased was not possible, as the skull (the facial bones in particular) was partly damaged.
Grave no. 3/05 was severely damaged during the digging of the grave no. 1/05. Only the left-hand side of the grave was partly preserved.
Grave no. 4/05 was revealed only partly in the corner of the excavation site. Only the upper part of the skeleton (the skull and upper part of the chest) was revealed. The deceased man was aged around 40.
Grave no. 5/05 was placed partly under the grave no. 1/05, but luckily it was not damaged. The skeleton was that of a man who died at the age of 45-55.
Only the lower parts of graves 6/05, 7/05 and 8/05, located in the northern part of the archaeological excavation site, were revealed (from the waist down). Grave no. 7/05, located at the most shallow depth, was the only one in which long bones were preserved well enough to be examined. The results showed that the skeleton was that of an approximately 10-year old child. The local situation made it impossible to reveal the upper parts of these three graves, nor were we able to deepen the excavation. Therefore, the examination of these graves was postponed until the next season. Grave no. 7/05 (similarly to grave no. 1/05) probably dates from the 17^th or 18^th century. In both grave pits fragments of lime mortar from the foundation of the cathedral’s marble floor were found.
Similarly, in graves no. 9/05 and 11/05 only lower parts of the skeletons were revealed. Further exploration was not possible. In the latter grave well-preserved leather shoes were discovered and forwarded for conservation.Grave no. 10/05 was placed partly under the grave no. 1/05. It contained a skeleton of a man aged around 60.
Grave no. 12/05 was located under the graves no. 1/05 and 3/05. Inside it, the left part of the torso and both thighbones were discovered. In the place of the head two damaged skulls were found. One of them could belong to the grave no. 12/05, the other – to the grave no. 3/05.
Grave no. 13 was the most damaged of all – the research allowed for identifying its position in the excavation and the outline of the coffin only. The skull was preserved, however, the mandible was missing, it was searched for in the vicinity to no avail. What remained of the skeleton were loosely scattered bones which had been found earlier in different grave excavations. However, it was this damaged grave that attracted the attention of the researchers. The skull was estimated to be that of a 60-70 year old man, which means that it was the oldest skull of all found in the second season of research. It was forwarded for further detailed examinations aimed at reconstructing the head and face of the deceased.
The archaeological research carried out inside the Frombork cathedral met with severe difficulties. In order to reach the graves it was necessary to dismantle the antique 17^th century floor based on a layer of sand and fixed with lime mortar. The task was difficult as at the end of each research season the floor had to be laid anew in order to restore the normal functioning of the church. In today’s natural environment, the type of sand used in constructing the floor is not available. The sand currently available across Poland contains salt. Therefore, it was absolutely necessary to protect the ancient sand and make sure that it returns to its original place after the excavations.
Similarly, the earth excavated during research from under the floor should have the same humidity factor after the excavations as it had before the floor was dismantled. Therefore, it could not be stored outside of the cathedral, as it had to be protected against getting wet in the rain or getting sun-dried. All these issues caused significant logistical difficulties during the research activities. Furthermore, the soil in which the coffins with the dead were laid was characterised by different consistency, depending on the particular grave: in some of the graves it was more compact, in others – more loose. This caused the falling of profiles, also during particularly profound and powerful tones of organ music. Towards the end of the second research season, mysterious empty spaces in the soil were located, which could cause a collapse of the floor in the still unexplored parts. This forced us to leave some of the graves (6/05, 7/05, 8/05, 9/05 and 11/05) unearthed and left for examination in later seasons of our research.

The archaeological research was focused on a well-defined aim – to locate and identify the grave of Nichoalus Copernicus. The researchers did not intend to analyse each grave in terms of anthropology, but to determine the age and sex of the deceased, whenever possible. In doing so, they made every effort to respect the right of the dead to remain in their place of burial for centuries. Sadly, as it appeared, the eternal peace of the dead had been disturbed for several times before, mostly during the construction of later graves - such as the grave of a young woman and the grave of canon Gąsiorowski – which came as a surprise to the researchers.

Skull no.13/05, meeting the initial criteria concerning the age of Copernicus’ place of burial, having been preliminary examined and described by Professor Karol Piasecki, was transferred to the Central Forensic Laboratory in Warsaw for a reconstruction of the face of the deceased. Chief inspector Dariusz Zajdel, M. Sc., an officer with extensive experience in this type of complex anthropological studies, agreed to carry out this task.
The task was exceptionally difficult and responsible. Luckily, some realistic portraits of the great astronomer which could serve as comparative material, survived till our time. The point was that all the portraits, in particular the one – probably a self-portrait - which was considered the most valuable in scientific terms, were painted when Nichoalus Copernicus was 30-40 years old. The skull used for reconstruction belonged to an elderly man, which implied a number of changes in the physical appearance.
What is important is a double vertical scar discovered on the skull, above the right eye socket – probably a trace of a cut wound. The self-portrait depicts a similar defect near the left eye brow which seems to be partially absent.
Having consulted Professor Karol Piasecki and considered all the relevant circumstances, we believe that it is highly probable that the examined skull is the head of Nichoalus Copernicus.

http://archeologia.ah.edu.pl/Frombork_eng.html

DNA research bridges a gap of a thousand years

Reconstruction of a skull fromVlaardingen

DNA research bridges a gap of a thousand years

Early 2002 archaeologists recovered in the city centre of Vlaardingen, the Netherlands, the remains of people who had been buried there between 1000 and 1050 A.D. The question arose whether any of their offspring or family members would be alive today. To answer this question last year cheek saliva samples of 88 current inhabitants of Vlaardingen were taken and studied carefully. Although there was only a slim chance, a kinship was established in one instance. It means that for the first time in the Netherlands a period of a thousand years is bridged on the basis of DNA-research. On Friday July 6 the mayor of Vlaardingen, Tjerk Bruinsma, will reveal the current inhabitant of Vlaardingen that is related to the one from the 11th century A.D. Other results from these unique DNA-studies will be disclosed by the researchers themselves.

The 1000-year-old skeletons were dug up in 2002 on a site called “Hole in the Market”. At the time it was an undeveloped corner of the Market close to the ‘Grote Kerk’. The archaeological expectations of this spot were quite high which made the Province of ‘Zuid-Holland’ decide to partly subsidise the research project. And with good reason (rightly so): within an area of nearly five by five meters archaeologists found the remains of 41 beautifully conserved bodies and several other parts of individuals. 32 were good for DNA tests. The molars of 24 of these 32 males, females and children proved to have usable DNA, important for setting up a database of old human DNA.The study of human DNA is a new and promising technique that can cause a true revolution in archaeological research.

The search for the original Vlaardingen-inhabitant
To investigate whether there are descendants of the old inhabitants buried a thousand years ago a project was started. This ‘search for the original Vlaardingen – inhabitant’ is an exceptional cooperation of the department City Archives and Archaeology of the city of Vlaardingen and the University Medical Centre of Leiden (LUMC). For this study only males were selected as kinship is most easily established in the male line. The only piece of DNA material passed on in unaltered form from parent to child is the Y-chromosome determining the male sex. Also, the male line can more easily be followed on the basis of genealogical data because the last name is normally passed on in the male line.

DNA from saliva tests and molars
Of the 24 medieval inhabitants of Vlaardingen who had good DNA there were 16 of the male sex and these formed the group that was compared with the men now living. At the start of 2006 the city of Vlaardingen called up men who could prove their male ancestors had been inhabitants of the place as early as the16th century or even before. 181 responses from all over the country came in, of which 88 candidates were selected for DNA-tests. In August 2006 the city archivist took saliva samples of these men and the samples and molars of the 1000 year old Vlaardingen inhabitants were then studied by Mrs Eveline Altena, M.A., under the guidance of Professor Dr. Peter de Knijff of the LUMC. This was a unique study for the Netherlands . Although it was most unlikely, surprisingly enough one match between two Y-chromosome DNA-profiles with a thousand years between them turned up. This is a first in Dutch history.

11th century Vlaardingen inhabitant severely hit on the head
The 1000-year-old DNA matching that of a current inhabitant is of a man approximately 45 years old. His skull is striking because it has two obvious dents next to each other. The man has obviously been beaten on the head at least twice with a hard, blunt object and survived the blows judging from the fractures that have healed nicely. The skull will be shown to the public.

Official announcement on July 6
On July 6, the mayor of Vlaardingen Tjerk Bruinsma will reveal whose Y-chromosome DNA matches that of the DNA of the man buried in Vlaardingen a thousand years ago.

The announcement of the match will take place in the ‘Grote Kerk’, in the presence of the person who provided it. Historically the ‘Grote Kerk’ is an apt location because for centuries inhabitants of Vlaardingen were buried here and closeby, in a site called ‘Hole in the Market’ where the skeletons which provided the 1000-year-old DNA were found. On this occasion the other outcomes of the research project will be made known by Prof. Dr. Peter de Knijff. The meeting in the ‘Grote Kerk’ is on invitation only.

An old news item, but I liked the reconstruction.

Reconstructed face of Paleolithic woman from Sicily

'First' Sicilian Woman Gets Face

PALERMO (ANSA) - The face of a late Stone Age woman who lived in Sicily has been reconstructed by a sculptor working with anthropologists at Palermo University.

The skeleton of the woman, who lived 14,000 years ago, was discovered in a cave near Messina in 1937, along with the incomplete skeletons of six other humans, presumably her family.

The face was reproduced using reconstruction techniques that calculate the appearance of features from the form of the cranium. The same techniques have been used recently to recreate the faces of Egyptian pharaohs and Italy's own Count Ugolino, a 13th-century Tuscan noble whose bones were found in 2001.

Artistic licence was used when deciding to give the ancient Sicilian the same black hair common in modern women from southern Italy.

Thea, as she has been nicknamed, spent most of her life hunting, or gathering fruit and plants. At 165 cm, she was tall for her time. Experts estimate that when she died she was about 30, much older than the normal life expectancy in the late Stone Age.

"This means that she must have had a healthy and regular lifestyle," said Valerio Agnesi, director of the 'Gemmellaro' museum where the face, along with a recreation of her cave environment, is now on display.

Антропологическая реконструкция.
Индивидуальные портреты славян эпохи средневековья.

Тиверцы

Реконструкция по черепу женщины из мог. Василев, Черновицкая обл.
Раскопки Б.А.Тимошука, 1959 г. Автор Т. С.Балуева.

Реконструкция по черепу мужчины из саркофага у с.Василев Черновицкая обл.
Раскопки Б.А.Тимошука, 1959 г. Автор Т. С. Балуева















Поляне

Реконструкция по черепу женщины из Десятинной Церкви, г. Киев
Раскопки Т. В. Кибальчича. 1878 г. Автор Т. С. Балуева

Реконструкция по черепу мужчины из кург.. с. Броварки, Полтавская губ.
Раскопки В. В. Хвойко. 1903 г. Автор Т. С. Балуева

Реконструкция по черепу женщины из мог. на Верхней Юрковице г. Киев
Раскопки Т. В. Кибальчича, 1878 г. Автор Т. С. Балуева

Реконструкция по черепу мужчины из кург. у г. Переяславль-Залесскнй. Полтавская губ.
Раскопки Д.Я. Самоквасона. 1877 г. Автор Т. С. Балуева

Северяне

Реконструкция по черепу мужчины из кург, на Моисеевом городище, Курская обл.
Раскопки А. Е. Алиховой, 1955 г. Авгор Т.С.Балуева

Реконструкция по черепу женщины из кург. на Моисеевом городище, Курская обл.
Раскопки А. Е. Алиховой, 1955 г. Автор О.М.Григорьева

Реконструкция по черепу женщины из кург. на Моисеевом городище, Курская обл.
Раскопки А. Е. Алиховой. 1955 г. Автор О.М.Григорьева























Радимичи

Реконструкция по черепу женщины из кург. у р. Снова, Мнинская губ., Белоруссия
Раскопки П.М.Еременко, 1893-1894 гг. Автор Т.С.Балусва
























Кривичи

Реконструкция по черепу женщины из Шустинского мог-ка. Московская обл.
Раскопки О. Н. Бадера, 1933 г. Автор Т. С. Балуева

Реконструкция по черепу женщины из церкви Петра и Павла в г. Смоленское
Раскопки И. Н. Воронина, 1962-1966 гг. Автор Т. С. Балуева

Реконструкция по черепу мужчины из кург. у с. Вороново. Московская обл.
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Реконструкция по черепу мужчины из кург. у с. Жукова, Ярославская губ.
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Кривичи

Реконструкция по черепу мужчины из кург. у дер. Кирьяново, Угличиский уезд, Ярославская губ.
Раскопки А. И. Кельсиева и Н.А.Ушакова. 1878 г. Автор О. М. Григорьева

Реконструкция по черепу мужчины из кург. у с. Ябедино, Звенигородский уезд,
Московская губ. Раскопки А. П. Богданова и Л. П. Кулаковского, 1865 г. Автор О. М.
Григорьева

Реконструкция по черепу мужчины из кург. у г. Ржева, Тверской губ.
Раскопки Д. Ф. Щеглова. 1878 г. Автор О. М. Григорьева

Реконструкция по черепу мужчины из мог. Палкино, Вологодская обл.
Раскопки Н. А. Макарова. 1987 г, Автор Т. С. Балуева


























Кривичи

Реконструкция по черепу мужчины из мог. Горка, Вологодская обл.
Раскопки Н. А. Макарова, 1983 г. Автор Т. С. Балуева

Реконструкция по черепу мужчины из мог. Горка, Вологодская обл.
Раскопки Н. А. Макарова, 1983 г. Автор Т. С. Балуева

Реконструкция по черепу женщины из мог. Воезеро-1, Вологодская обл.
Раскопки Н. А. Макарова, 1983 г. Автор Т. С. Балуева

Реконструкция по черёпу женщины из мог. Шуйгино-1, Вологодская обл.
Раскопки Н.А.Макарова, 1985 г. Автор Т. С.Балуева


Дреговичи

Реконструкция по черепу мужчины из кург. сел Языль и Урегва, Бобруйский уезд,
Минская губ.
Раскопки Н. А. Янчука, 80-е гг. XIX в. Автор Т. С. Балуева

География Гаплогруппы I (DNA Haritage)

Версия о миграции гаплогруппы I в Европу с сайта DNA Haritage

The first image (Map 1) shows Palaeolithic Europe 18,000 years ago in the grip of the last ice age. Glacial ice 2km thick covers much of Northern Europe and the Alps. Sea levels are approx. 125m lower than today and the coastline differs slightly from the present day. For example, Britain and Ireland would have been connected to continental Europe (not shown on map).

Map 1 - Ice age Europe (18,000 years ago)

The air would have been on average 10-12 degrees cooler and much more arid. In between the ice and the tree line, drought-tolerant grasses and dunes would have dominated the landscape.

The Neanderthals would have died out around 14,000 years ago leaving the nomadic hunter-gatherer Cro-Magnon (modern man) to pursue the animals of the time. Due to the cold and the need for food, the populations of the day waited the ice age out in the three locations shown on the map. These were the Iberian Peninsula, the Balkans and the Ukraine.

These people were skilled in flint-knapping techniques and various tools such as end-scrapers for animal skins and burins for working wood and engraving were common. Cave painting using charcoal had been around for a couple of thousand years although at this time they were now more subtle than mere outline drawings. These artistic expressions are significant as it shows that people are able to obtain some leisure time. Whether this is ‘art for art’s sake’ or objects of ritual is not known.

If we fast forward to 12,000 years ago (Map 2), the ice has retreated and the land has become much more supportive to life. Many animal species have returned to inhabit the land, although the snake, harvest mouse and mole never made it as far as Ireland before the land bridges re-flooded (ever wondered why there are no snakes in Ireland?).

Map 2- spread of Haplogroups R1b, I and R1a (12,000 years ago)

The three groups of humans had taken refuge for so long that their DNA had naturally picked up mutations, and consequently can be defined into different haplogroups. As they spread from these refuges, Haplogroups R1b, I and R1a propagated across Europe.

- Haplogroup R1b is common on the western Atlantic coast as far as Scotland.
- Haplogroup I is common across central Europe and up into Scandinavia.
- Haplogroup R1a is common in eastern Europe and has also spread across into central Asia and as far as India and Pakistan.

These three major haplogroups account for approx 80% of Europe's present-day population.

Around 8,000 years ago (Map 3), the Neolithic peoples of the Middle East that had developed the new technology of agriculture began moving into Europe. There were several haplogroups involved, mainly E3b, F, J2 and G2.

Map 3 - spread of Neolithic haplogroups (from 8,000 years ago)

Интересная точка зрения, рассматриваются возможные миграции основных европейских гаплогрупп I, R1b и R1a. Так же показаны более поздние миграции гаплогрупп N3, E3b, F, J2 и G2. Версия весьма упрощенная, но сама по себе любопытная.

http://www.dnaheritage.com/masterclass2.asp

География Гаплогруппы I (National Geographic)

Мнение National Geographic о миграции гаплогруппы I (M170)













Мнение National Geographic о миграции гаплогруппы I2 (P37.2)













Мнение National Geographic о миграции гаплогруппы I1 (M253)

Карты NG показывают миграцию гаплогруппы I и ее подгрупп I1 (I1a по старой классификации) и I2 (I1b по старой классификации).

Карты не корректные, во-первых путь гаплогруппы I не мог проходить по дну Черного моря (видимо авторы не смогли для себя определиться каким путем "I" проникли в Европу, через Кавказ или через Анатолию). Так же неверно показано движение "I1" , разделения скандинавской ветви "I" во Франции не было, как показывают исследования присутствие гаплогруппы I1 на Британских островах следует связывать с вторжениями викингов и норманнов.

https://www3.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/atlas.html